Nucleic acid molecules and applications thereof in human antibody

ABSTRACT

Nucleic acid molecules include immunoglobulin genes or parts of immunoglobulin genes. The nucleic acid molecules includes the IgM gene (IgHCμ) and IgM switch region (Sμ). The sequences of the Sμ and the IgHCμ are both derived from a transgenic host animal. In this invention, human antibodies are directly generated and no humanization process is required, and the human antibody druggability is increased. The transgenic human antibody mouse has normal early B−cell development, maturation and the B−cell number in comparison with that of wild type animal, thereby facilitating the differentiation of the B−cells. The specificity and diversity of the produced antibody are improved; and the efficiency for screening the therapeutic antibody is improved.

CROSS REFERENCE TO THE RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is the national phase entry of International Application No. PCT/CN2018/083163, filed on Apr. 16, 2018, which is based upon and claims priority to Chinese Patent Application No. 201810261091.2, filed on Mar. 27, 2018, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The invention belongs to the field of biotechnology, and more specifically, relates to nucleic acid molecules and their applications thereof.

BACKGROUND

Therapeutic human antibody, also known as a human monoclonal antibody or fully human antibody, is a class of biotechnology products that are currently used to treat the most critical diseases such as tumors, autoimmune diseases, infectious diseases, transplant rejections, etc. Among those therapeutic monoclonal antibodies in the world, seventy-two monoclonal antibodies have been on the market in Europe and the United States, and twenty-seven of them are human antibodies. There are mainly two methods to obtain human therapeutic antibodies. The first method, human antibody is obtained by using a human B⁻cell phage antibody library and deploying phage display technology to mine and improve the antibody affinity; The second method, the a genetically modified (GM) animal is used, specifically, the endogenous immunoglobulin genes of the transgenic animal is inactivated, and then whole (or partial) human immunoglobulin genes are transferred into the animal genome, so a human (or partial) humanized antibodies are produced through animal immune system of the transgenic animal. With the increasingly accumulated research progress on the transgenic technology and transgene in supporting B⁻cell development, the new generation of antibody humanized transgenic animals have become more productive. These transgenic animals have a normal B⁻cell development, and DNA recombination, mutation and antibody maturation, the resulting antibody specificity thereof is extremely high.

Most of the new generation humanized antibody animal lines can only produce human/transgenic host animal chimeric antibodies, that is, the heavy chain variables (V), diversity (D), and joining (J) (VDJ) gene segments of an antibody are derived from human, while the C-region is derived from the transgenic host animal. In the process of antibody drug development, a further humanization process (grafting) is required. This humanization process may change the affinity of the antibody and reduces its druggability. Therefore, it is of very desirable to obtain fully human antibodies directly from the animal in vivo.

In the patent CN105441455A, a human/host animal chimeric IgM sequence is used, which can also produce fully human antibodies. However, there are a few drawbacks: (1) the number of B⁻cells of the transgenic animal is slightly less than that of wild type mice; and (2) the antibody specificity and diversity of the antibody need to be further improved.

SUMMARY

The objectives of the invention are to resolve the above drawbacks in the prior art. Thereof to provide transgenic animal with those nucleic acid molecules can express fully human therapeutic antibodies in vivo, thereby subsequently to reduce the antibody humanization and to increase the druggability of the antibodies.

The objectives of the invention are achieved by the following technical solutions.

Nucleic acid molecules includes immunoglobulin genes or parts of the immunoglobulin genes, characterized in that, the nucleic acid molecule includes IgM gene (IgHCμ) and IgM switch region (Sμ). The sequences of the Sμ and the IgHCμ are both derived from the transgenic host animal.

Further, the IgHCμ includes CH1 exon, CH2 exon, CH3 exon, CH4 exon, and all the intron sequences among them in the IgM locus, and also includes the TM1, TM2, and PolyA signal sequence of the transgenic host animal.

The invention safeguards the development of B⁻cells and the maturation of antibodies in the transgenic host animal.

The above-mentioned nucleic acid molecules further include the IgH heavy chain 5′-enhancer of the transgenic host animal. The structure of the 5′-enhancer with the Sμ and the IgHCμ is shown in FIG. 1-1, and the construction process is shown in FIG. 1.

The above-mentioned nucleic acid molecules further include IgG genes (or Igγ). The IgG genes (C-region) may be from the transgenic host animal and human to form chimeric sequences. The above-mentioned chimeric sequences include Igγ switch region (Sγ), TM1, TM2, the polyA, etc. are derived from the transgenic host animal, and human Igγ CH1 exon, Hinge exon, CH2 exon, CH3 exon, and their introns therebetween to form a transgenic host animal/human chimeric Igγ expression control unit. Specifically, the structure of the Igγ chimeric control region is shown in FIG. 2-1, and the construction process is shown in FIG. 2.

The IgG genes (C-region) may be from human sequences, which include human switch region (Sγ) sequence, human Igγ CH1 exon, human Igγ Hinge exon, human Igγ CH2 exon, human Igγ CH3 exon, human Igγ introns therebetween, human Igγ polyadenylation signal (PolyA), human TM1, human TM2, etc.

The above-mentioned Igγ sequences may include the subtypes of the human and transgenic host animal IgG. This includes Igγ switch regions (Sγ) of each subtype of the human and mouse Igγ. For example, the subtypes of the human Igγ include Igγ3, Igγ1, Igγ2, and/or Igγ4; and the subtypes of mouse Igγ include Igγ3, Igγ1, Igγ2a, and/or Igγ2b.

The above-mentioned nucleic acid molecules further include an IgH 3′-terminal local control region (LCR). The LCR may be derived from the transgenic host animal sequence (see FIG. 6) or the human sequence (see FIG. 5).

The above-mentioned nucleic acid molecules include fully V-regions or modified V-regions of the human IgH heavy chain, D-regions or modified D-regions of the human IgH gene; and J-regions or modified J-regions of the human IgH gene. The heavy chain V-regions, D-regions and J-regions are all derived from humans, as shown in FIGS. 5 and 6.

For example, in detail, the above-mentioned nucleic acid molecules contain part or all human V-regions, the D-regions and the J-regions of the human immunoglobulin heavy chain locus (IgH), and then linked to the mouse immunoglobulin gene (IgH) 5′-enhancer, followed by the mouse switch region (Sμ) sequence, mouse IgM CH1 exon, CH2 exon, CH3 exon, CH4 exon, PolyA, TM1, TM2, etc., then connected to the human Igγ switch region (Sγ) sequence, followed by human Igγ CH1 exon, human Igγ Hinge exon, human Igγ CH2 exon, human Igγ CH3 exon, human PolyA, human TM1, human TM2, etc., finally linked with a human heavy chain IgH 3′-terminal local control region (LCR), as shown in FIG. 5. The transgenic mouse can express mouse IgM and human IgG.

Alternatively, nucleic acid molecules contain part or all human V-regions, the D-regions and the J-regions of the human immunoglobulin locus (IgH), and then linked to the mouse immunoglobulin gene (IgH) 5′-enhancer, followed by the mouse switch region (Sμ) sequence, mouse IgM CH1 exon, CH2 exon, CH3 exon, CH4 exon, PolyA, TM1, TM2, etc., then connected to the mouse Igγ switch region (Sγ) sequence, followed by human Igγ CH1 exon, human Igγ Hinge exon, human Igγ CH2 exon, human Igγ CH3 exon, mouse PolyA, mouse TM1, mouse TM2, etc., finally linked with a mouse heavy chain IgH 3′-local control region (LCR), as shown in FIG. 6. This transgenic mouse can express mouse IgM and human IgG.

A vector contains the above-mentioned nucleic acid molecules.

A prokaryote contains the above-mentioned nucleic acid molecules; A cell contains the above-mentioned nucleic acid molecules or vectors, which include any transgenic cell contains the nucleic acid molecules, and further include but not limited to the lymphocytes, hybridoma cells, antibody-expressing cells, and other cells derived from the transgenic animals.

A human antibody generated from the DNA rearrangement and mutations of the above-mentioned nucleic acid molecules. The human antibody includes any human antibody derived from the above-mentioned nucleic acid molecules or transgenic animals with the above-mentioned nucleic acid molecules. The invention includes but not limited to proteins, DNAs, mRNA, cDNAs, and any antibody (modified or engineered) derived from the nuclei acid molecules and transgenic animal.

A transgenic animal contains the above-mentioned nucleic acid molecules, vector, cells or antibodies. The animal may be pig, cow, horse, mouse, rat, rabbit, chicken, sheep or other mammals.

The invention contains any application of the above-mentioned DNAs, cDNAs and mRNAs, amino acid sequences, proteins, vectors, hybridoma cells, cell lines and transgenic animals.

In particular, the invention provides transgenic animals obtained by transferring the above-mentioned transgenic vectors into animal genome, or the offspring from the cross between the genetically modified animal with another animal with its endogenous immunoglobulin heavy and light chains inactivated, the final transgenic animal can only express human IgG antibodies. Up immunization, this human immunoglobins genetical modified animal can produce antigen-specific fully human IgG antibodies.

A method for making a transgenic animal with the above-mentioned nucleic acid molecules or vectors includes the following steps:

(1) Obtaining the above-mentioned nucleic acid molecules;

(2) Constructing the nucleic acid molecule vectors;

(3) Introducing the vectors into cells (including ES cells, stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells and somatic cells) or embryos of a transgenic host animal;

(4) Chimeric production or somatic cell cloning with the cells containing the vectors to generate embryos and then transgenic animal; and

(5) Breeding to producing heterozygous and homozygous transgenic animals (including mating with a host animal lacking of endogenous immunoglobulin gene functions).

The above-mentioned host animal with a transgenic vector contain the above-mentioned nucleic acid molecules may be pig, cow, horse, mouse, rat, rabbit, chicken, sheep and other mammals. The above-mentioned vectors include yeast artificial chromosome (YAC), bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC), plasmids, DNA fragment, and others. The method for introducing the above-mentioned vectors into cells or embryos includes electroporation, virus infection, liposome-mediation, microinjection, and others.

For some specific embodiments, the above-mentioned nucleic acid molecules have the sequences as shown in SEQ ID NO:1, SEQ ID NO:2, and SEQ ID NO:3, but this is not intended to limit the scope of the invention. Some non-essential improvements and adjustments to the nucleotide sequences can be made by those skilled in the art, such as deletion, addition, and replacement of some nucleotide sequences.

Advantages

1. The transgenic animal produces various therapeutic human antibodies after the immunization of different antigens.

2. The invention directly obtains human antibodies, which can reduce the laboriously further humanization requirements at the next stage and improves the druggability of the antibody.

3. The IgH transgenic animal of the invention uses the IgH 5′-enhancer and IgM sequence of the transgenic host animal itself to ensure the early B⁻cells normal development in the transgenic animal; at the same time, the Igγ of the transgenic animal is also can utilize the switch region (Sγ) sequences and the Igγ polyadenylation signal (PolyA) and TM1, TM2 sequences of the transgenic host animal to support the expression of human Igγ, which is beneficial to DNA recombination, mutation and BCR (B⁻cell receptor) signal transduction for human Igγ mature under the stimulation of antigen. The IgH construct of transgenic animal have human V-regions, D-regions, J-regions and human Igγ, and human IgK and IgL sequences, so the transgenic animal expresses fully human IgG antibodies.; all transgenic animals prepared with those vectors express the IgG antibody are fully human antibodies, which can reduces the further humanization process in the later period and improves the antibody druggability.

4. The benefits of the invention include: (1) Support normal early B⁻cell development, B⁻cell maturation and B⁻cell number, which are comparable to wild type mouse, resulting standard B^(')cell switch; (2) Expand antibody specificity and diversity; and (3) Improve therapeutic antibody screening efficiency.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1: A schematic diagram of 5′-enhancer and IgM expression construct: The human IgH 5′-enhancer, the human IgM, and the human IgD in a vector are replaced with the mouse 5′-enhancer and the IgM, the homologous arms are used for homologous recombineering (wherein, the homologous arms indicated are used for the homologous recombineering); pGK-Puro is the selection gene for bacteria and mammal transfections, Lox is a specific 34 base pair sequence; and the Not1 and the Asis1 are restriction sites (wherein, the human DNA sequences are shown in dark black color, and the mouse DNA sequences are shown in light black color).

FIG. 2: A schematic diagram of the structure and the construction of the transgenic host animal/human chimeric IgG expression vector: Wherein the homology arms are used for DNA homologous recombineering, the human Cγ CH1, Hinge, CH2 and CH3 sequences is used to replace mouse Cγ CH1, Hinge, CH2 and CH3 sequences by counter-selection recombineering; The Not1 is a restriction site (wherein, the human DNA sequences are shown in dark black color, and the mouse DNA sequences are shown in light black color).

FIG. 3: A schematic diagram of nucleic acid molecules construction of IgG C-region: shows how the mouse 5′-enhancer (5′-En), mouse Sμ, mouse IgM, human Igγ3, human Igγ1 and human 3′-LCR genes are linked together; the puromycin (Puro) and zeocin (Zeo) selection genes are for bacteria and mammalian cell transfections separately; and the Puro and Zeo selection genes can be removed by CRE or Flpo expression plasmid or protein, resulting only one Lox (34 bp) and Frt (34 bp) sequences reminded in the transgene; and this nucleic acid molecule is then linked to the V-regions, the D-regions and the J-regions of the human IgH to generate a transgenic vector (wherein, the human DNA sequences are shown in dark black color, and the mouse DNA sequences are shown in light black color).

FIG. 4: A schematic diagram of nucleic acid molecules construction of IgG C-region: shows how the mouse 5′-enhancer (5′-En), mouse Sμ, mouse IgM, human/mouse chimeric Igγ3, human/mouse chimeric Igγ1 and mouse 3′-LCR genes are linked together; the puromycin (Puro) and zeocin (Zeo) selection genes are for bacteria and mammalian cell transfections separately; and the Puro and Zeo selection genes can be removed by CRE or Flpo expression plasmid or protein, resulting only one Lox (34 bp) and Frt (34 bp) sequences reminded in the transgene; and this nucleic acid molecule is linked to the V-regions, the D-regions and the J-regions of the human IgH to generate a transgenic vector (wherein, the human DNA sequences are shown in dark black color, and the mouse DNA sequences are shown in light black color).

FIG. 5: A vector of IgH heavy chain of a transgenic nucleic acid molecule: wherein the transgenic vector contains the human V-regions, D-regions and J-regions of the human IgH, the mouse IgH 5′-enhancer, the mouse IgM switch region (Sμ) sequence, and all exon sequences and regulatory elements of the mouse IgM, further contains the human Igγ3 switch region (Sγ3) sequence, CH1, Hinge, CH2, CH3 sequences of the human Igγ3, PolyA, TM1, TM2, etc. of the human Igγ3, and contains the human Igγ1 switch region (Sγ1) sequence, the CH1, Hinge, CH2 and CH3 sequences of the human Igγ1, PolyA, TM1, TM2, etc. of the human Igγ1, and then links to the human IgH 3′-local control region (LCR) (wherein, the human DNA sequences are shown in dark black color, and the mouse DNA sequences are shown in light black color).

FIG. 6: A vector of IgH heavy chain of a transgenic nucleic acid molecule: wherein the transgenic vector contains the human V-regions, D-regions and J-regions of the human IgH, the mouse IgH 5′-enhancer, the mouse IgM switch region (Sμ) sequence, and all exon sequences and regulatory elements of the mouse IgM, further contains the mouse Igγ3 switch region (Sγ3) sequence, CH1, Hinge, CH2, CH3 sequences of the human Igγ3, PolyA, TM1, TM2, etc. of the mouse Igγ3, and contains the mouse Igγ1 switch region (Sγ1) sequence, the CH1, Hinge, CH2 and CH3 sequences of the human Igγ1, and the PolyA, TM1, TM2 and el al of the mouse Igγ1, and then links to the mouse IgH 3′-local control region (LCR) (wherein, the human DNA sequences are shown in dark black color, and the mouse DNA sequences are shown in light black color).

FIGS. 1-6 are key genes in the constructs or vectors of the transgene.

FIG. 7: Mouse IgH immunoglobulin heavy chain J-region gene target: Wherein the J-regions of the mouse IgH is composed of J1, J2, J3, and J4 exons, and the whole J-region sequence is deleted by the gene targeting; Homogenous mice without the J-region sequences cannot produce any mouse-derived Ig (including IgM and IgG).

FIG. 8: PCR results of human IgHV2-26 from transgenic mice (HGa).

FIG. 9: Serum ELISA results of transgenic mice (HGa).

FIG. 10: PCR results of human IgHV2-26 from transgenic mice (HGb).

FIG. 11: Serum ELISA results of transgenic mice (HGb).

FIG. 12: Human serum IgG titer of transgenic antibody mice (at different dilution conditions).

FIG. 13: ELISA (OD₄₅₀) results of transgenic mice after ovalbumin (OVA) immunization.

FIG. 14: Statistical results (Fab amino acid changes and location) of IgH V-region sequence of hybridomas derived from OVA immunized transgenic mice.

FIG. 15: ELISA results (parts) of the hybridoma cell supernatants.

FIG. 16: GPC3 specific antibody binding to HepG2 cells.

FIG. 17: Statistical table of antigen-specific antibodies produced by transgenic mice.

FIG. 18: Size of the spleens of transgenic mice [A. transgenic mouse (HGa), B. transgenic mouse (HGb), and C. wild type mouse].

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS

The followings are specific embodiments for describing the invention in detail. It should be pointed out herein that the following embodiments are merely used to further illustrate the invention, and cannot be construed as a limitation to the protection scope of the invention. Some non-essential improvements and adjustments to the invention can be made by those skilled in the art according to the above summary.

Embodiment

The nucleic acid molecules containing those modified human immunoglobulin heavy chains are transferred into mouse genome, and then the transgenic mouse containing the human immunoglobulin genes and endogenous immunoglobulin gene knockouts are immunized to produce human therapeutic antibodies. The simplified steps are as follows.

1. Construction of Immunoglobulin Gene Vectors

1) Construction of Immunoglobulin Heavy Chain Genes (See FIG. 5)

First, the mouse IgM 5′-enhancer and all the expression and control sequences of IgM, homology arms and selection genes are obtained by PCR and gene synthesis (see FIG. 1). Subsequently, the human Igγ3, Igγ1 and 3′-LCR sequences, homology arms and selection genes are also generated (see FIG. 3). Next, all DNA fragments are linked accordingly by homologous recombineering to produce new DNA vectors, and then the above-mentioned modified DNA vectors are transferred into YAC vector or BAC vector, which contains the human immunoglobulin heavy chain (Ig). Finally, the transgenic vectors of the modified immunoglobulin heavy chain is constructed as showed in FIG. 5 (wherein, the vector sequences are confirmed by PCR and sequencing, wherein, the human DNA sequences are shown in dark black color, and the mouse DNA sequences are shown in light black color). The vector successively includes V-regions, D-regions and J-regions of the human immunoglobulin heavy chain locus, mouse IgH 5′-enhancer, mouse IgM, human Igγ3, human Igγ 1, and human 3′-LCR.

2) Construction of Immunoglobulin Heavy Chain Genes (See FIG. 6)

First, the mouse IgM 5′-enhancer and all the expression and control sequences of IgM, homology arms and selection genes are obtained by PCR and gene synthesis (as above, see FIG. 1). Subsequently, the mouse Igγ3 CH1, Hinge, CH2 and CH3 is replaced by human Igγ3 CH1, Hinge, CH2, CH3 sequences; the mouse Igγ1 CH1, Hinge, CH2 and CH3 is replaced by human Igγ1 CH1, Hinge, CH2, CH3 sequences through homologous arms by homologous recombineering and counter-selection recombineering, then linked to mouse 3′-LCR sequences (see FIG. 3). Finally, the transgenic vectors of the modified immunoglobulin heavy chain are constructed as showed in FIG. 6 (wherein, the vector sequences are confirmed by PCR and sequencing, wherein, the human DNA sequences are shown in dark black color, and the mouse DNA sequences are shown in light black color). The vector successively includes V-regions, D-regions and J-regions of the human immunoglobulin heavy chain locus, mouse IgH 5′-enhancer, mouse IgM, mouse/human chimeric Igγ3 and mouse/human chimeric Igγ1 expression unit, and mouse 3′-LCR.

2. Generations of Human Antibody Transgenic Mouse

1) Generation of Transgenic Mice with Human Immunoglobulin Heavy Chain

A. Creation of Transgenic Mouse with Human Immunoglobulin Heavy Chain (Antibody Transgenic Mouse HGa)

The human immunoglobulin heavy chain vector mentioned in above 1) (see FIG. 5) of Method 1 is transferred into mouse genome by conventional transgenic technique. The transgenic mouse (HGa) with integrated fully human immunoglobulin heavy chain is confirmed by both PCR and ELISA analysis.

The PCR reactions are as follows.

Human IgHV2-26 PCR:

Primer sequences: SEQ ID NO.4 and SEQ ID NO.5.

The size of the PCR product: 433 bp.

The PCR results are shown in FIG. 8. Note: the genomic DNA PCR results of the human IgHV2-26 transgenic mouse show that the positive mice have a PCR band of 433 bp in size (1% gel electrophoresis).

Human Igγ1 PCR:

Primer sequences: SEQ ID NO.6 and SEQ ID NO.7.

The size of the PCR product: 417 bp.

ELISA analysis of transgenic mice: human serum and wild type mouse serum are used as controls, see FIG. 9. Note: the human IgG in transgenic mouse serum is detected by Elisa at a 1:100 dilution. The transgenic mice are positive for human IgG in parallel with the human serum, the wild type mouse serum and blank control. The antibodies used for the ELISA detection are: Goat Anti Human IgG Fc (ab97221, Abcam) and Goat Anti-Human IgG Fc (HRP) (ab97225, Abcam).

B. Creation of Transgenic Mice with Human Immunoglobulin Heavy Chain Gene (Antibody Transgenic Mouse HGb)

The human immunoglobulin heavy chain vector mentioned in above 2) (see FIG. 6) of Method 1 is transferred into mouse genome by conventional transgenic technique. The transgenic mouse (HGa) with integrated fully human immunoglobulin heavy chain is confirmed by both PCR and ELISA analysis.

The PCR reactions are as follows.

Human IgHV2-26 PCR:

Primer sequences: SEQ ID NO.4 and SEQ ID NO.5.

The size of the PCR product: 433 bp.

The PCR results are shown in FIG. 10. Note: the genomic DNA PCR results of the human IgHV2-26 transgenic mouse show that the positive mice have a PCR band of 433 bp in size (1% gel electrophoresis).

Human Igγ1 PCR:

Primer sequences: SEQ ID NO.6 and SEQ ID NO.7.

The size of the PCR product: 417 bp.

ELISA analysis of transgenic mice: human serum and wild type mouse serum are used as controls, see FIG. 11. Note: the human IgG in transgenic mouse serum is detected by Elisa at a 1:100 dilution. The transgenic mice are positive for human IgG in parallel with the human serum, the wild type mouse serum and blank control. The antibodies used for the ELISA detection are: Goat Anti Human IgG Fc (ab97221, Abcam) and Goat Anti-Human IgG Fc (HRP)

2) Creation of Immunoglobulin Heavy Chain Gene Knockout Mice (mH⁻Mice, See FIG. 7)

Immunoglobulin heavy chain gene knockout mice are constructed by a gene targeting technique. The IgH J-region of the mouse immunoglobulin heavy chain gene is selected as the gene knockout site (see FIG. 6 for the gene knockout site and gene knockout effect), and then the immunoglobulin heavy chain gene knockout mice are obtained. The transgenic mouse (mH⁻) with immunoglobulin heavy chain gene knockout is confirmed by both PCR and ELISA analysis.

The primers used for the IgH-JH PCR identification are as follows:

Primer sequences: SEQ ID NO.8; SEQ ID NO.9.

PCR products: the size of the PCR product of the JH-region after the gene targeting is 732 bp, while the size of the PCR product of the wild type JH-region is 2422 bp.

3) Production of immunoglobulin kappa light chain knockout mouse (mIC⁻⁻ mouse, CN105441455A patent)

4) Production of transgenic mouse with a human immunoglobulin kappa light chain locus (HK⁺ mice, CN105441455A patent)

5) Production of transgenic mice with a human immunoglobulin Lambda light chain locus (HL⁺ mice, CN105441455A patent)

6) Breeding to generate humanized antibody transgenic mouse

The transgenic mouse HGa or transgenic mouse HGb obtained in 2 of the method are crossed with the mice obtained in 2), 3), 4) and 5) of the method respectively. After PCR and ELISA analysis, five-feature transgenic mice (HGa⁺HK⁺HL⁺mK⁻⁻mH⁻⁻ and HGb⁺HK⁺HL⁺mK⁻⁻mH⁻⁻) with high expression of human IgG antibodies without (or low) mouse endogenous immunoglobulin IgL are finally obtained.

Characterizations of Transgenic Mice:

A. ELISA results of the serum IgM and IgG level of the five-feature transgenic mice:

Results: The serum IgM level of wild type mouse is 0.8-6.5 mg/mL;

The serum IgM level of the transgenic mouse (HGa⁺HK⁺HL⁺mK⁻⁻mH⁻⁻, transgenic IgH heavy chain vector is shown in FIG. 5) is 0.1-2.8 mg/mL;

The serum IgM level of the transgenic mouse (HGb+HK+HL+mK−−mH−−, transgenic IgH heavy chain vector is shown in FIG. 6) is 0.4-2.5 mg/mL;

The serum IgG level of human is 3.5-15 mg/mL;

The serum human IgG level of the transgenic mouse (HGa+HK+HL+mK⁻⁻mH⁻⁻, transgenic IgH heavy chain vector is shown in FIG. 5) is 0.08-1.2 mg/mL; and

The serum human IgG level of the transgenic mouse (HGb+HK+HL+mK⁻⁻mH⁻⁻, transgenic IgH heavy chain vector is shown in FIG. 6) is 0.5-2.5 mg/mL.

The serum level of the mouse IgM and human IgG of the transgenic mice are a little lower than that of the human, because the transgenic mice are kept in a clean and IVC caged environment.

B. Serum human IgG titer of transgenic antibody mice (in compared with the transgenic mice from CN10544145A patent), see FIG. 12.

Notes: the ELISA results show in FIG. 12 that the serum human IgG titer of the transgenic antibody mice at this invention including HGa⁺HK⁺HL⁺mK⁻⁻mH⁻⁻ (HGa five feature transgenic mouse), HGb⁺HK⁺HL⁺mK⁻⁻mH⁻⁻ (HGb five feature transgenic mouse) and HG⁺HK⁺HL⁺mK⁻⁻mH⁻⁻ (HG five feature transgenic mouse, CN10544145A), and the serum samples is diluted at 1:10, 1:100, 1:1000, 1:10000, 1:100000, and 1:1000000, respectively (an average value of 3-5 five-feature transgenic mice).

3. Generation of Fully Human Antibodies

The fully human antibody transgenic mice are immunized to produce specific B⁻cells, and then combining with hybridoma and cell culture techniques to produce therapeutic human antibodies.

OVA Immunization and Antibody Production

2) 8-Week-Old Humanized Antibody Transgenic Mice are Selected for the Immunization with OVA.

Primary Immunization:

(1a) OVA (Sigma A7641) antigen is diluted with PBS to a final concentration of 2 mg/mL, then 20 μg of CpG (ODN1826, tlrl-1826, Invivogen) is added, and then an appropriate amount of aluminum hydroxide (vac-alu-50, Invivogen) is added to allow a concentration of the aluminum hydroxide to be 1%.

(2a) 0.75 mL of the antigen prepared in step (1a) is mixed with a complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA, Sigma F5881) in a ratio of 1:1, and emulsified with a MIXPAC™ syringe. Each mouse is immunized by subcutaneous injection at a dose of 200 μL each (0.2 mg).

Secondary Immunization:

(1b) On the 21^(st) day after the primary immunization, a secondary immunization is performed. The antigen is diluted with PBS to a final concentration of 1.0 mg/mL, then 10 μg of CpG is added, and an appropriate amount of aluminum hydroxide is added to allow a concentration of the aluminum hydroxide to be 1%.

(2b) 0.75 mL of the antigen prepared in step (1b) is mixed with an incomplete Freund's adjuvant (IFA) in a ratio of 1:1, and emulsified with a MIXPAC™ syringe. Each mouse is immunized by intraperitoneal injection at a dose of 200 μL (0.1 mg).

Third Immunization:

(1c) On the 21^(st) day after the secondary immunization, a 3^(rd) immunization is performed. The antigen is diluted with PBS to a final concentration of 1.0 mg/mL, then 10 μg of CpG is added, and an appropriate amount of aluminum hydroxide is added to allow a concentration of the aluminum hydroxide to be 1%.

(2c) The antigen protein prepared according to the method in step (1c) is injected directly. Each mouse is immunized by intraperitoneal injection at a dose of 200 μL (0.1 mg).

Fourth Immunization:

(1d) On the 21^(st) day after the 3^(rd) immunization, a 4^(th) immunization is performed. The antigen is diluted with PBS to a final concentration of 1.0 mg/mL, then 10 μg of CpG is added, and an appropriate amount of aluminum hydroxide is added to allow a concentration of the aluminum hydroxide to be 1%.

(2d) The antigen protein prepared according to the method in step (1d) is injected directly. Each mouse is immunized by intraperitoneal injection at a dose of 200 μL (0.1 mg).

Booster Immunization:

On the 21^(st) day after the 4^(th) immunization, mice with satisfactory serum ELISA human IgG titer are given a booster immunization, and then splenic B⁻cells are obtained for hybridoma fusion, culture and screening.

2) Mouse Serum Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)

On the 10^(th) day after the 4^(th) immunization, the blood of the mice is taken for ELISA analysis, and the human IgG titer of the immunized mouse serum is investigated, with the pre-immunized mice as the control. The results are as follows.

Detection of human IgG titer in mouse serum: 96-well plates are embedded with an antigen OVA, and the specific anti-human IgG-HRP antibody (Millipore, AP113P) at a dilution of 1:8000 is used. The serum of wild type Kunming white mouse is as control for mouse IgG.

The results show that the transgenic antibody mice have a great human IgG titer in the transgenic mouse serum after immunization. The transgenic mouse with OD₄₅₀>1 human IgG titer at serum dilution of 1:8000 are selected for hybridoma fusion.

The ELISA (OD₄₅₀) results of the mice (HGa⁺HK⁺HL⁺mK⁻⁻mH⁻⁻ and HGb⁺HK⁺HL⁺mK⁻⁻mH⁻⁻) after immunization with OVA are shown in FIG. 13. Notes: HGa transgenic mice are HGa⁺HK⁺HL⁺mK⁻⁻mH⁻⁻ five-feature transgenic mice; HGb transgenic mice are HGb⁺HK⁺HL⁺mK⁻⁻mH⁻⁻ five-feature transgenic mice; and wild type Kunming white mice are normal control. After the mice are immunized with OVA for 4^(th) immunizations, anti-OVA specific human IgG antibody titer in their serum (different dilution concentrations) are detected by ELISA.

The statistical results (Fab amino acid number and location of mutations) of the antibody IgG V-region amino acid sequence from the OVA-immunized mice are shown in FIG. 14.

3) Generation of Human Antibodies

GPC3 Immunization and Antibody Production

The transgenic mice (HGb⁺HK⁺HL⁺mK⁻⁻mH⁻⁻) are immunized with GPC3 peptide, and the splenic cells of the mice are collected and fused with Sp2/0 cells to obtain monoclonal antibodies, the fully human therapeutic antibodies.

After immunizations with antigen, the transgenic animals are used for hybridoma fusion. The selection is carried out in a semi-solid medium, and next, hybridoma clones are picked into 96-well plates and cultured further. Subsequently, the hybridoma supernatants are analyzed for specific antibodies by ELISA.

The ELISA results from two of 96-well plates of the hybridoma supernatants are shown in FIG. 15 (in the ELISA results of two hybridoma 96-well plates after performing hybridoma fusion and selections on solid medium, the anti-GPC3 fully human antibody is showed in the lighter colored wells, after a GPC3 peptide immunization) (the 96-well plates are embedded with the antigen, then the hybridoma supernatants are added onto the 96-well plates. After that, the human IgG-HRP antibody and 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) are added for color development).

The GPC3 positive cell line HepG2 are used to analyses the antibodies (4-10F-4G and 6-7A-2E) generated from the transgenic mouse (as shown in FIG. 16), the results prove that 4-10F-4G has no function, while 6-7A-2E can specifically bind to the HepG2 cells, indicating that the transgenic antibody mice can produce antigen-specific anti-GPC3 antibodies (6-7A-2E).

The affinities of the antibodies from B⁻cell hybridoma supernatants obtained after the HGa and HGb transgenic mice immunized with OVA protein, GPC3 protein and GPC3 peptides are list in FIG. 17. Transgenic mouse lines (HGa and HGb) both can generate antigen-specific antibodies with high affinities after GPC3 polypeptide and GPC3 protein immunizations.

(1) The size of the spleen of the transgenic mice obtained of the invention is similar to that of the wild type mice, and is larger than that of the transgenic mice of CN105441455A.

(2) The B⁻cell number in bone marrow and spleen of the transgenic mice of the invention has more B⁻cells number than that of the transgenic mice of CN105441455A.

(3) The transgenic mice of the invention have a higher percentage of IgM cells than that of the transgenic mice of CN105441455A.

(4) The transgenic mice of the invention have a higher percentage of IgG cells than that of the IgG cells of transgenic mice of CN105441455A, housed in the same clean and IVC caged environment.

(5) There are more changes in the antibody complementarity-determining regions (CDR) of the transgenic IgH heavy chain of the invention: Under the same antigen immunization conditions, the V-sequence mutations of the human IgG antibody of the transgenic mice of the invention are more than that of the transgenic mice of CN105441455A.

The numbers of B⁻cells in the spleens of the transgenic mice HGa⁺HK⁺HL⁺mK⁻⁻mH⁻⁻ after the immunization are 6.2×10⁷, 1.0×10⁸, and 9.5×10⁷, respectively.

The numbers of B⁻cells in the spleens of the transgenic mice HGb⁺HK⁺HL⁺mK⁻⁻mH⁻⁻ after the immunization are 1.2×10⁸, 1.02×10⁸, and 1.25×10⁸, respectively.

The numbers of B⁻cells in the spleens of the wild type mice after the immunization are 1.5×10⁸, 1.8×10⁸, and 1.9×10⁸, respectively.

The spleens of the transgenic mice after the immunization are shown in FIG. 18: FIG. 18-A is a photograph of the spleen of the transgenic mouse HGa⁺HK⁺HL⁺mK⁻⁻mH⁻⁻ after the immunization; FIG. 18-B is a photograph of the spleen of the transgenic mouse HGb⁺HK⁺HL⁺mK⁻⁻mH⁻⁻ after the immunization; and FIG. 18-C is a photograph of the spleen of the wild type mouse after the immunization. 

What is claimed is:
 1. Nucleic acid molecules comprising immunoglobulin genes or parts of the immunoglobulin genes, wherein, the nucleic acid molecules comprises an IgM gene (IgHCμ) and an IgM switch region (Sμ), and sequences of the Sμ and the IgHCμ are both derived from a transgenic host animal.
 2. The nucleic acid molecules according to claim 1, wherein the IgHCμ comprises a CH1 exon, a CH2 exon, a CH3 exon, a CH4 exon, and intron sequences between the CH1 exon and the CH2 exon, the CH2 exon and the CH3 exon, and between the CH3 exon and the CH4 exon, a TM1, a TM2, and PolyA signal sequences.
 3. The nucleic acid molecules according to claim 1, wherein a nucleotide sequence of the Sμ is listed as positions ranging from (2550) to (4451) in SEQ ID NO:1.
 4. The nucleic acid molecules according to claim 1, further comprising an IgH heavy chain 5′-enhancer of the transgenic host animal.
 5. The nucleic acid molecules according to claim 4, wherein a nucleotide sequence of the IgH heavy chain 5′-enhancer is listed as positions ranging from (433) to (1444) in SEQ ID NO:1.
 6. (canceled)
 7. The nucleic acid molecules according to claim 1, further comprising IgG genes (Igγ).
 8. The nucleic acid molecules according to claim 7, wherein the IgG genes are transgenic host animal/human IgG chimeric sequences or fully human IgG sequences.
 9. The nucleic acid molecules according to claim 8, wherein the transgenic host animal/human IgG chimeric sequences comprise an Igγ switch region (Sγ), a TM1, a TM2, polyA signal sequences, of the transgenic host animal, or a CH1 exon, a Hinge exon, a CH2 exon, a CH3 exon, and intron sequences between the CH1 exon and the Hinge exon, the Hinge exon and the CH2 exon, and between the CH2 exon and the CH3 exon of the human.
 10. (canceled)
 11. The nucleic acid molecules according to claim 8, wherein the fully human IgG sequences comprise human Igγ switch region (Sγ) sequence, a CH1 exon, a Hinge exon, a CH2 exon and a CH3 exon, and intron sequences between the CH1 exon and the Hinge exon, the Hinge exon and the CH2 exon, and between the CH2 exon and the CH3 exon, and PolyA signal sequences, a TM1, a TM2.
 12. The nucleic acid molecules according to claim 8, wherein the Igγ sequence comprises a single subtype or multiple subtypes of the Igγ sequence, and switch regions (Sγ) between the multiple subtypes of the Igγ sequences.
 13. The nucleic acid molecules according to claim 8, wherein subtypes of human Igγ comprises Igγ3, Igγ1, Igγ2, and Igγ4; and subtypes of a mouse Igγ comprises Igγ3, Igγ1, Igγ2a and Igγ2b.
 14. The nucleic acid molecules according to claim 8, comprising a human IgH heavy chain 3′-local control region or a transgenic host animal IgH heavy chain 3′-local control region.
 15. The nucleic acid molecules according to claim 8, comprise all or parts of V-regions of human IgH heavy chain, all or parts of D-regions of human IgH, and all or parts of J-regions of human IgH.
 16. (canceled)
 17. A vector, containing the nucleic acid molecules according to claim
 1. 18. A cell, comprising the nucleic acid molecules according to claim 1 or a vector, wherein the vector comprises the nucleic acid molecules.
 19. A human antibody derived from the nucleic acid molecules according to claim 1, a vector, or a cell, wherein the vector comprises the nucleic acid molecule, and the cell comprises the nucleic acid molecule or the vector.
 20. Any methods for encoding DNA, cDNA and mRNA, expressing amino acid sequences, proteins and vectors, culturing hybridoma cells, cell lines and transgenic animals, and/or preparing human antibodies with the nucleic acid molecules.
 21. A method for preparing transgenic animals with the nucleic acid molecules according to claim 1, a vector, or a cell, comprising the following steps: (1) obtaining the nucleic acid molecules; (2) constructing the nucleic acid molecules into vectors; (3) introducing the vectors into cells (including ES cells, stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells and somatic cells) or embryos of the transgenic host animal; (4) chimeric production or somatic cell cloning with the cells containing the vectors to generating embryos; and (5) breeding to producing heterozygous and homozygous transgenic animals (including mating with the transgenic host animal lacking of endogenous immunoglobulin gene functions).
 22. The nucleic acid molecules according to claim 2, wherein a nucleotide sequence of the Sμ is listed as positions ranging from (2550) to (4451) in SEQ ID NO:1.
 23. The nucleic acid molecules according to claim 2, further comprising an IgH heavy chain 5′-enhancer of the transgenic host animal. 